Method and apparatus for maximizing nitrogen removal from wastewater

ABSTRACT

A reactor and control method for maximizing nitrogen removal and minimizing aeration requirements through control of transient anoxia and aerobic SRT, repression of NOB, and control of dynamic DO concentrations or aeration interval by keeping the reactor NH 4  and NO x  concentrations approximately equal. Controls are provided for maximizing the potential for TIN removal through nitrification, limited nitritation, nitritation, denitrification, limited denitritation, denitritation making use of 1) real time measurement of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, 2) operational DO and the proper use of DO setpoints, and 3) proper implementation of transient anoxia within a wide range of reactor configurations and operating conditions.

This nonprovisional application claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/783,232, filed Mar. 14, 2013. The entire disclosureof U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/783,232 is incorporated herein byreference.

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) in a single tank ishighly desirable compared to the conventional systems, since separatetanks and recycling of mixed liquor nitrate from the aerobic nitrifyingzone to the anoxic denitrifying zone is not required. The benefits ofSND are further extended by exploiting the nitrite shunt pathway as hasbeen demonstrated by the use of aeration duration control with ORP (seeGuo et al. 2009, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated byreference herein in its entirety) and ammonia pH profile (see Peng etal. 2004, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety). The reactor microenvironments (aerobic andanoxic zones developing within reactor due to combination of poor mixingand reactor design) and the floc microenvironments (aerobic and anoxiczones developing within the activated sludge flocs) have been postulatedas possible mechanisms for SND (see Daigger et al. 2007, the disclosureof which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).It is difficult to incorporate control strategies in the above-mentionedmechanisms to achieve stable SND performance. The occurrence of SND arereported in staged, closed loop reactors (such as oxidation ditch,orbal) (see Daigger and Littenton, 2000, the disclosure of which isexpressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety) thattypically employ long hydraulic residence time (HRT), solids retentiontime (SRT), and continuous low dissolved oxygen (DO).

The inhibition of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) is a precondition forthe implementation of short-cut biological nitrogen removal (ScBNR)processes such as nitritation-denitritation (see Ciudad et al., 2005;Gee and Kim, 2004, Ju et al., 2007, Yoo et al., 1999, Yu et al., 2000,Zeng et al., 2008, the disclosures of which are expressly incorporatedby reference herein in their entirety), nitrite-shunt and partialnitritation-anammox (see Fux et al., 2002, Hippen et al., 1997, vanDongen et al., 2001, Wett, 2006, Wett, 2007, Wett et al., 2010, thedisclosures of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein intheir entirety), and deammonification. Successful suppression of nitriteoxidation by controlling NOB saves 25% oxygen and 40% organic carboncompared to conventional nitrification-denitrification (see Turk andMavinic, 1986; Abeling and Seyfried, 1992, the disclosures of which areexpressly incorporated by reference herein in their entirety). Indeammonification processes, the control of NOB results in added benefitsin further reductions in aeration energy required, and reduced costs ofelectron donor and solids handling. FIG. 1, FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 showflowcharts for nitrogen removal through conventionalnitrification/denitrification, nitritation/denitritation anddeammonification (partial nitritation+anaerobic ammonia oxidation),respectively.

In view of high cost of biological nutrient removal (BNR) to meetincreasingly stringent effluent standards, ScBNR through repression ofNOB is a topic of interest. Efforts to understand NOB repression havebeen discussed in many publications, including those that are morespecific to the use of high temperature (see Helling a et al., 1998, thedisclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety), high levels of free ammonia inhibition, or dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration (see Blackburn et al., 2008, the disclosure of whichis expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety) andtransient anoxia (see Komaros and Dokianakis, 2010, the disclosure ofwhich is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).Particularly, all of these conditions are used in part or as a whole, invarious approaches, with success in controlling NOB in systems treating‘high strength’ (high free ammonia) waste streams, such as anaerobicdigester dewatering liquor (also usually at high temperature) andlandfill leachate. Control of NOB repression in low strength wastestreams such as domestic wastewater remains a challenge and is thesubject of this disclosure. Controls that are currently used to repressNOB in ScBNR processes are described below.

Temperature and Ammonia:

Both temperature and free ammonia are features believed to provide anadvantage to ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) over NOB. Free ammonia(FA) inhibition of NOB has been well-documented in literature ever sinceit was considered by Anthonisen et al. (1976), the disclosure of whichis expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. However,knowledge of controlling FA inhibition to obtain stable nitritation ismore limited since NOB adaptation has been reported (see Turk andMavinic, 1989; and Wong-Chong and Loehr, 1978, the disclosures of whichare expressly incorporated by reference herein in their entirety).Further, high temperature is known to favor growth of AOB over NOB (seeKim et al., 2008, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated byreference herein in its entirety).

The increased activity of AOB compared to NOB at higher temperature,greater disassociation of total ammonia to free ammonia and resultingNOB inhibition at higher temperatures, combined with low DO operation(often conducted using intermittent aeration and with managed aerobicsolids retention time (SRT)), results in enrichment of AOB and selectivewash out of NOB. These approaches are variously described (see EP0826639 A1, EP 0872451 B1, US 2010/0233777 A1, U.S. Pat. No. 7,846,334B2, U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,646 B1, and WO 2012/052443 A1, the disclosuresof which are expressly incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety) to control NOB in ‘high strength’ wastewater. These methodseither use suspended growth (see WO 2006/129132 A1, the disclosure ofwhich is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety),attached growth on the support media (see US 2011/0253625 A1 and EP0931768 B1, the disclosures of which are expressly incorporated byreference herein in their entirety) or granular sludge (see Wett, 2007;and U.S. Pat. No. 7,846,334 B2, the disclosures of which are expresslyincorporated by reference herein in their entirety) to accomplish ScBNR.

In spite of being effective, the role of elevated temperature toincrease activity of AOB and for the control of NOB growth is notfeasible in low strength mainstream processes operating under a widerange of temperatures. Consequently, NOB control in low strengthwastewater remains intractable and requires careful manipulation offactors other than temperature or free ammonia.

Dissolved Oxygen:

Dissolved oxygen (DO) can play a significant role in control of NOB inlow strength wastewater. Sustained nitritation with the use of low DOconcentration has been observed in a variety of reactor configurations(see Sliekers et al., 2005, Wyffels et al., 2004, and Blackburne et al.,2008, the disclosures of which are expressly incorporated by referenceherein in their entirety). Although, all of these reports lack accountof underlying mechanisms, they resort to a hypothesis of higher oxygenaffinity of AOB compared to the NOB (see Hanaki et al., 1990; Laanbroekand Gerards, 1993; and Bernet et al., 2001, the disclosures of which areexpressly incorporated by reference herein in their entirety) as anexplanation for the observed phenomenon (see Yoo et al., 1999, Peng etal., 2007, Lemaire et al., 2008, Gao et al., 2009, and Zeng et al.,2009, the disclosures of which are expressly incorporated by referenceherein in their entirety). In a study Sin et al. (2008), the disclosureof which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety,has documented the prevalence of the belief that AOB oxygen affinity isgreater than NOB oxygen affinity and that low DO operation favors AOBover NOB, however, there are studies that report the opposite (seeDaebel et al., 2007, and Manser et al., 2005, the disclosures of whichare expressly incorporated by reference herein in their entirety).

Transient Anoxia:

The use of transient anoxia has been a common approach to achieve NOBsuppression (see Li et al., 2012; Ling, 2009, Pollice et al., 2002,Zekker et al., 2012, U.S. Pat. No. 7,846,334 B2, EP 0872451B1, and WO2006/129132 A1, the disclosures of which are expressly incorporated byreference herein in their entirety). Transient anoxia allows for ameasured approach to control the aerobic SRT as well as to introduce alag-time for NOB to transition from the anoxic to aerobic environment.Komaros and Dokianakis (2010), the disclosures of which are expresslyincorporated by reference herein in their entirety, showed delay in NOBrecovery and NOB lag adaptation in aerobic conditions followingtransient anoxia, thus confirming the observations of the usefulness oftransient anoxia by many others (see Allenman and Irvine, 1980,Katsogiannis et al., 2003, Sedlak, 199, Silverstein and Schroeder, 1983,Yang and Yang, 2011, and Yoo et al., 1999, the disclosures of which areexpressly incorporated by reference herein in their entirety). Althoughtransient anoxia has been used successfully to control NOB in ‘highstrength’ wastes (see Wett, 2007; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,846,334 B2, thedisclosures of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein intheir entirety) and the ability to use it in low strength wastes hasbeen suggested (see Peng et al., 2004, the disclosure of which isexpressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety), the abilityto control the features associated with transient anoxia remains anenigma. To summarize, strategies for controlling NOB repression in lowstrength wastewater, which is the basis for emerging ScBNR technologies,vary widely and a need still exists for more effective controlstrategies.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, the instant disclosure provides a system and method ofremoving nitrogen from wastewater in a reactor for biological nitrogenremoval, wherein an aerobic-anoxic duration and/or a concentration ofdissolved oxygen in the reactor is controlled based on a ratio of an[ammonia concentration] to a [sum of nitrite and nitrate concentrations]measured in real time. Typically, the aerobic-anoxic duration and/or theconcentration of dissolved oxygen in the reactor is controlled toachieve a ratio of [ammonia concentration] to a [sum of nitrite andnitrate concentrations] that is about 1. Alternatively, theaerobic-anoxic duration and/or the concentration of dissolved oxygen inthe reactor may be controlled to achieve a predetermined ratio of[ammonia concentration] to a [sum of nitrite and nitrate concentrations]that is less than or greater than 1. By employing the system and methodof the instant disclosure, overall nitrogen removal is maximized becausedenitrification (dependent on COD input) and subsequent ammoniaoxidation balance each other while also favoring AOB over NOB.

The system and method of the disclosure can be used to achieve a properand measured control of a mainstream SND process that maximizes TINremoval through one of several nitrogen removal mechanisms including,nitrification-denitrification, nitritation-denitritation (scBNR),partial nitritation-denitritation producing an effluent streamappropriate for polishing by anammox in a separate downstream reactor,and partial nitritation-anammox in a single tank with selective anammoxretention. These systems and methods use various control strategies,including: 1) real time measurement of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate, 2)operational DO and the proper use of DO setpoints controlled based on aratio of the ammonia concentration to the nitrite+nitrate concentrationmeasured in the reactor, 3) control of a frequency of aeration based ona ratio of the ammonia concentration to the nitrite+nitrateconcentration measured in the reactor, and 4) proper implementation oftransient anoxia within a wide range of apparatus (reactorconfigurations) and operating conditions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a molar flowchart showing the reactions associated withconventional nitrification and denitrification.

FIG. 2 is a molar flowchart showing the reactions associated withnitritation and denitritation.

FIG. 3 is a molar flowchart showing reactions associated withdeammonification.

FIG. 4 is a line graph comparing collected data of K_(O)-values of AOBand NOB in a nitritation reactor of the HRSD Pilot

FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing a DO control algorithm based on ammonia,nitrite, nitrate and DO concentrations.

FIG. 6 is a comparison graph showing an illustration of implementationof transient anoxia logic with representative setpoints and controlparameters.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing an aerobic duration control algorithmbased on ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and DO concentrations.

FIG. 8 is a comparison graph showing an illustration of implementationof aerobic-anoxic duration control logic with representative setpointsand control parameters.

FIG. 9 is a graph comparing ammonia oxidation rates and nitriteoxidation rates in a reactor operated under strategy described incompletely mixed process.

FIG. 10 is an illustration of possible effects of AVN control logic onoverall system performance.

FIG. 11 is a lateral cross-sectional view of a BNR reactor fitted with amechanical mixer, an air diffuser, an ammonia sensor, a nitrite sensor,a nitrate sensor and a dissolved oxygen sensor.

FIG. 12 illustrates real time ammonia, nitrite and nitrate measurementsin a nitritation reactor operated under AVN control.

FIG. 13 illustrates TIN removal performance of a nitritation reactoroperated under AVN control.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This application describes a system and method for removing nitrogenfrom wastewater processed in a reactor. The system and method of thedisclosure maximizes nitrogen removal while minimizing aeration andorganic carbon requirements through control of transient anoxia andaerobic SRT, repression of NOB, and control of dynamic DO concentrationsor aeration interval by maintaining a predetermined ratio of [an ammonia(NH₄) concentration] to [a sum of nitrite and nitrate concentrations].The predetermined ratio of an ammonia concentration to a sum of nitriteand nitrate concentrations is typically 1 but can be less than orgreater than 1. The controller that leverages these dynamic controlstrategies has been named AVN (NH₄ vs. NO_(x)). AVN control not onlymaximizes the potential for TIN removal through the normal pathway (FIG.1), but it also provides an opportunity for NOB repression and theassociated benefits in terms of TIN removal according to FIG. 2 and FIG.3.

Reactor Ammonia and Nitrite+Nitrate:

The current disclosure makes use of direct measurement of ammonia,nitrite and nitrate and DO in the BNR reactor to control the aerobic andanoxic SRT and HRT as well as the reactor DO concentration to maximizeammonia oxidation and denitrification. The DO concentration or aerationinterval or both are effectively controlled depending on the influentCarbon:Nitrogen (C/N) and reactor conditions such that reactions neededto eliminate nitrogen are favored at any given time. DO is directed moreto ammonia oxidation over COD oxidation and available COD is used todrive denitrification at all times, thus, maximizing the overallnitrogen removal (FIG. 10). The extent of ammonia oxidation allowed bythis disclosure is controlled by the availability of incoming COD fordenitrification, so it is by nature that ammonia oxidation anddenitrification are balanced by each other for maximum nitrogen removal.DO concentration and/or aeration duration are typically controlled tomaintain approximately equal NH₄—N and NO_(x)—N concentrations in thereactor at all times, the amount of NH₄ oxidation and thus the amount ofoxygen delivered is controlled based on the amount of incoming CODavailable to denitrify the produced NO_(x). This minimizes aerobicheterotrophic COD consumption and maximizes the opportunity fordenitrification, which requires time at low DO and available COD. Thecontroller allows the input of offsets that would allow the NH₄—N or theNO_(x)—N concentration to be removed to meet specific discharge limitsfor these parameters. For example, the controller could be tuned toensure compliance with an NH₄ limit by setting the controller to providean effluent that contains NH₄ at 20-90% of the effluent NOx-Nconcentration.

Dissolved Oxygen:

As described above and shown in FIG. 4, ammonia oxidation occurs at afaster rate at high DO concentrations (i.e., concentrations greater than1 mg/L) compared to nitrite oxidation. Therefore, it is desired tooperate the BNR reactor at transiently high DO concentration such thatAOB growth is favored over NOB. This strategy is in opposition to thelarge body of literature that indicates high oxygen affinity of AOBcompared to NOB at low DO concentrations.

Intermittent Aeration:

Rapid transition from a high DO into anoxia is very importantconsidering the fact that the lag in NOB growth compared to AOB at highDO can only be exploited by imposing anoxic conditions. It means that atthe end of the aerated period there will be some nitrite accumulation,for which NOB will have to compete with COD driven heterotrophicdenitrifiers in scBNR and anammox in single stage deammonificationprocesses. Therefore, DO pressure maintained in the aerated period fromAOB and nitrite pressure from denitrifiers and anammox during anoxicperiod is greatly aided by rapid transition to anoxia.

Maintaining higher oxygen uptake rate (OUR) is the key forimplementation of rapid transient anoxia. It is feasible to operate aBNR reactor at high OUR conditions by increasing MLSS concentration andCOD input such that DO is rapidly consumed following onset of anoxia.The use of direct DO, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate measurement tocontrol aerobic and anoxic SRT and HRT in a BNR reactor has beendemonstrated in FIGS. 6 and 8 which show rapidly alternating aerobic andanoxic conditions in a reactor. Under this strategy, the NH₄—Nconcentration is measured and maintained close to the NO_(x)—Nconcentration, or at any offset needed. Aeration is provided for ammoniaoxidation such that the reactor NH₄—N concentration approximatelymatches the reactor NO_(x)—N concentration. This maintains elevated NH₄concentration in the reactor at all times or locations ensuring that AOBrates are kept high. Hence, known NOB repression strategies may beexploited with use of a robust control algorithm based on direct NH₄,NO₂, NO₃ and DO signals. FIG. 9 demonstrates the performance of thisstrategy in controlling NOB to achieve ScBNR in a nitrite-shunt process.

Specific controls are now described.

Aerobic SRT and DO Setpoint:

The aerobic SRT is controlled through two approaches. An increase insolids wasted decreases the total and aerobic SRT. A second approach todecreasing the aerobic SRT is by increasing the anoxic time step duringtransient anoxia. In an intermittently aerated (in time or space) BNRreactor operated under AVN control strategy, the aerobic SRT isdetermined by aeration needs of AOB to oxidize ammonia to nitrite ornitrate such that NH₄—N and NO_(x)—N concentration remain equal. Forexample, if AOB's ammonia oxidation rate is lower, more aeration (timeor higher DO concentration or both) will be required to maintain thiscondition compared to when AOB rates are higher. In such a scenario,intentional lowering of the total SRT gradually results in a reductionin AOB ammonia oxidation rate at a certain DO value. Consequently, AOBrequire more aeration to increase their growth rate and to meet thedesired condition (NH₄—N═NO_(x)—N) causing the operational high DO setpoint (in time) and aerobic HRT (in space) to increase and be at a pointwhere the growth of AOB are favored over NOB.

Aggressive SRT control is not commonly accepted as a means for achievingnitrite shunt, which also coincides with inability to sustain stable NOBrepression. When the BNR reactor is operated at high DO set points, AOBgrow faster than NOB, which allows the system to be operated at low SRTfurther disadvantaging NOB. In addition, the application of aggressiveSRT pressure is easily controlled according to this disclosure. Sincethe ammonia, nitrite and nitrate concentrations determine theoperational high DO set points or aeration duration (in time) andaerated fraction (in space), it is a simple matter to control the totalSRT such that the DO remains at a high concentration, in excess of 1mg/L.

Transition to Anoxia Control:

To extend this disclosure of AVN control to NOB repression, a more rapidtransition between aerobic setpoint and anoxia is desirable to minimizethe time available for NOB to grow favorably over AOB. There are atleast three approaches to increase the oxygen uptake rates to transitionto anoxia. One approach is to operate the reactor at higher mixed liquorsolids concentration, such that there are more organisms seeking air inthe same volume. Another approach is to use influent COD to allow forthe scavenging of oxygen during the transition periods. A third approachis to increase the temperature and thus the growth rates of allorganisms. The key feature is to allow for high oxygen uptake rates totransition from oxic to anoxic conditions.

Transient Anoxia Frequency (TAF) Control:

To extend this disclosure of AVN control to NOB repression, it isdesirable to have a high TAF to allow for rapid changes between aerobicand anoxic conditions while maintaining the same overall aerobic SRT.For example a 5 minute aerobic/anoxic cycle is preferred over a 15minute aerobic/anoxic cycle, which is preferred over a 30 minuteaerobic/anoxic cycle. A highest practicable TAF allows for disruption ofNOB while allowing for preferential growth of AOB in the aerobic phaseand denitrifying organisms or anammox organisms in the anoxic phase.There are constraints to maximizing this frequency. The increase infrequency, maximum value, is eventually constrained in the aerobic stepby the time required to allow oxygen to achieve its setpoint and then tosufficiently oxidize ammonia. Additionally, a minimum anoxic time isrequired to allow denitrifying or anammox organisms to convert nitriteto nitrogen gas.

Reactor Configurations:

Several apparatus are available to execute this AOB oxidation and NOBrepression framework, including complete mixed reactors, sequencingbatch reactors, oxidation ditches and plug flow reactors. It should benoted that the reactor apparatus can be adjusted to deliver the controlfeatures for achieving SRT, ammonia oxidation requirements, high DOconcentrations and anoxia transitions, where possible, by providingmechanical and hydraulic flexibility. Swing zones or reactors toaccommodate variable flows and loads that are typical to a wastewatertreatment process can be provided. Apart from suspended growth reactors,biofilm, granular sludge or hybrids of these reactors are also feasible.Finally, the solid-liquid separation could occur using any separationdevice including clarifiers, membranes or dissolved air floatationtanks.

Plug flow reactors are characterized as continuously fed reactors withvery high length to width ratio and can be simulated as a series ofcompletely mixed reactors where the pollutant concentration decreasesalong the flow pathway across the reactor's length (i.e. concentrationgradient). In plug flow continuously fed reactors, which are morecommonly used in large treatment plants, the process controls to achieveAVN control can be addressed using two configurations: (1) controllingaeration in space by alternating between aerobic and anaerobic zones;and (2) controlling aeration in time by cycling air throughout thereactor in “air on” and “air off” sequence similar to a SBRconfiguration.

AVN control can be integrated in various reactor configurations toachieve maximum nitrogen removal through nitrification-denitrification,nitritation-denitritation, and partial nitritation-anammox.

AVN control can be implemented in a single reactor or reactors in serieswith goal to achieve nitrogen removal through nitrification anddenitrification when influent C/N is high. If the goal is to furtherimprove nitrogen removal, provided the influent C/N is sufficient, theAVN control could also be used to repress NOB enablingScBNR/nitritation-denitritation in any single reactor configuration orreactors in series. When influent C/N is low, AVN control can be used torealize autotrophic nitrogen removal through partial nitritation andanammox in any single reactor configuration or reactors in series,assuming selective anammox retention such as cyclone separation (US2011/0198284 A1). Controls allow for appropriate reactor concentrationsof NH₄ and NO₂ at all times and locations to allow for anammox growth.Above-mentioned reactor configurations could be used to feed a separatefully anoxic anammox reactor following the solids separation device,since with NOB repression effluent itself contains the right blend ofNH₄ and NO₂ to serve as a substrate for anammox. This fully anoxicanammox reactor can be of any configuration, including but not limitedto moving bed biofilm reactor, granular sludge reactor, suspended growthreactor, biologically active granular media filter, and membranebioreactor.

Control Strategies

Several control strategies are available that can be applied in theabove-mentioned reactor configurations that make use of features of thisdisclosure to achieve maximum TIN removal and can be extended to NOBrepression. A few exemplary strategies are described below, optimizedfor various configurations.

Control Strategy A: The first control strategy under which theoperational DO is variable and controlled by the NH₄—N and NO_(x)—Nconcentrations in the BNR reactor will optimize the DO for high ammoniaoxidation rate and under anoxia, heterotrophic denitrification oranammox-driven ammonia oxidation. This approach is valid in a wide rangeof reactor configurations including plug flow, complete mix, completemix reactors in series, and sequencing batch reactor. Under thisapproach the DO cycles between the low DO setpoint (which is fixed) anda variable high DO setpoint, usually greater than 1 mg/L and controlledby reactor NH₄—N compared to NO_(x)—N concentrations. An aggressiveaerobic SRT is maintained to increase the demand for oxygen, thusallowing for the controller to automatically increase the DO levels togreater than 1 mg/L. In this control strategy, the aerobic and anoxicperiods are dictated by the AOB's aeration requirement to meet theobjective for NH₄—N to be approximately equal to NO_(x)—N, as opposed tobeing fixed.

In this exemplary embodiment, a BNR reactor 10 (FIG. 11) may be fittedwith DO, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate probes (or sensors) 12, 14, 16,18. It will be possible to have any reactor configuration as describedin the next subsection where the control can occur either in time or inspace. In case of multiple or plug flow reactors, multiple DO probes areinstalled along each major section along a train, while an ammonia,nitrite and nitrate probe will be installed strategically in a latterreactor or section, to manage reaction rates such that small amounts ofammonia concentration remain at the end of the reactor and such that thereactor effluent contains NH₄—N concentrations approximately equal toNO_(x)—N.

The disclosure provides a system for removing nitrogen in a reactor forbiological nitrogen removal from wastewaters. The system comprises: areactor 10; an ammonia sensor (or probe) 14 that senses a concentrationof ammonia in the reactor 10 in real time and generates an ammoniaconcentration signal 20; a nitrite sensor (or probe) 16 that senses aconcentration of nitrite in the reactor 10 in real time and generates anitrite concentration signal 22; a nitrate sensor (or probe) 18 thatsenses a concentration of nitrate in the reactor 10 in real time andgenerates a nitrate concentration signal 24; a controller 30 thatreceives the ammonia concentration signal, nitrite concentration signaland nitrate concentration signal via one or more communication links 32and generates one or more instructions, which the controller 30 suppliesto dissolved oxygen supply and control system (not illustrated) viacommunication link(s) 34, for increasing, decreasing or maintaining aconcentration of dissolved oxygen in the reactor 10 by controllingconcentrations of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate based on a ratio of the[concentration of ammonia] to [a sum of the concentrations of nitriteand nitrate]; and a dissolved oxygen modulator 36 that suppliesdissolved oxygen to the reactor 10 under control of the controller 30based on the ratio of the [concentration of ammonia] to [the sum of theconcentrations of nitrite and nitrate]. The dissolved oxygen modulator36 may be coupled to the controller 30 via the one or more communicationlinks 34. The system may further comprise one or more electronically (ormechanically) controlled valves that may be linked to the controller viacommunication links. The controller may generate instructions forincreasing the concentration of dissolved oxygen if the ratio of the[concentration of ammonia] to [the sum of the concentrations of nitriteand nitrate] is greater than 1. The controller 30 may generateinstructions for decreasing the concentration of dissolved oxygen in thereactor 10 if the ratio of the [concentration of ammonia] to [the sum ofthe concentrations of nitrite and nitrate] is less than 1. Thecontroller 30 may generate instructions for maintaining theconcentration of dissolved oxygen in the reactor 10 if the ratio of the[concentration of ammonia] to [the sum of the concentrations of nitriteand nitrate] is 1.

The controller may be one or more computers. A “computer”, as used inthis disclosure, means any machine, device, circuit, component, ormodule, or any system of machines, devices, circuits, components,modules, or the like, which are capable of manipulating data accordingto one or more instructions, such as, for example, without limitation, aprocessor, a microprocessor, a central processing unit, a generalpurpose computer, a super computer, a personal computer, a laptopcomputer, a palmtop computer, a notebook computer, a desktop computer, aworkstation computer, a server, or the like, or an array of processors,microprocessors, central processing units, general purpose computers,super computers, personal computers, laptop computers, palmtopcomputers, notebook computers, desktop computers, workstation computers,servers, or the like.

A “communication link”, as used in this disclosure, means a wired and/orwireless medium that conveys data or information between at least twopoints. The wired or wireless medium may include, for example, ametallic conductor link, a radio frequency (RF) communication link, anInfrared (IR) communication link, an optical communication link, or thelike, without limitation. The RF communication link may include, forexample, WiFi, WiMAX, IEEE 802.11, DECT, 0G, 1G, 2G, 3G or 4G cellularstandards, Bluetooth, and the like.

The controller 30 may include a computer-readable medium 40 thatincludes a computer program having code sections or segments, which whenexecuted by the computer(s) 30, cause each of the processes describedherein to be carried out. A “computer-readable medium”, as used in thisdisclosure, means any medium that participates in providing data (forexample, instructions) which may be read by a computer. Such a mediummay take many forms, including non-volatile media, volatile media, andtransmission media. Non-volatile media may include, for example, opticalor magnetic disks and other persistent memory. Volatile media mayinclude dynamic random access memory (DRAM). Transmission media mayinclude coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including thewires that comprise a system bus coupled to the processor. Transmissionmedia may include or convey acoustic waves, light waves andelectromagnetic emissions, such as those generated during radiofrequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms ofcomputer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexibledisk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM,DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any otherphysical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, aFLASH-EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave asdescribed hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computer canread. The computer-readable medium may include a “Cloud,” which includesa distribution of files across multiple (e.g., thousands of) memorycaches on multiple (e.g., thousands of) computers.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, the system for removingnitrogen in a reactor for biological nitrogen removal from wastewatersmay comprise: a reactor; an ammonia sensor (or probe) that senses aconcentration of ammonia in the reactor in real time and generates anammonia concentration signal; a nitrite sensor (or probe) that senses aconcentration of nitrite in the reactor in real time and generates anitrite concentration signal; a nitrate sensor (or probe) that senses aconcentration of nitrate in the reactor in real time and generates anitrate concentration signal; a controller that receives the ammoniaconcentration signal, nitrite concentration signal and nitrateconcentration signal via one or more communication links and generatesinstructions, which may be supplied to one or more valves and/or anaerator, for increasing, decreasing or maintaining DO concentration andaerobic-anoxic duration within the reactor based on a ratio of the[concentration of ammonia] to [a sum of the concentrations of nitriteand nitrate]; and the aerator that aerates the reactor at a frequencycontrolled by the controller, wherein the frequency is based on theratio of the [concentration of ammonia] to [the sum of theconcentrations of nitrite and nitrate]. The controller may generateinstructions for increasing DO concentration or the aerobic duration (ordecreasing the anoxic duration) if the ratio of the [concentration ofammonia] to [the sum of the concentrations of nitrite and nitrate] isgreater than 1. The controller may generate instructions for decreasingDO concentration or the aerobic duration (or increasing the anoxicduration) treatment if the ratio of the [concentration of ammonia] to[the sum of the concentrations of nitrite and nitrate] is less than 1.The controller may generate instructions for maintaining DOconcentration and aerobic-anoxic duration if the ratio of the[concentration of ammonia] to [the sum of the concentrations of nitriteand nitrate] is 1.

In an example, the dissolved oxygen concentration and/or the duration ofthe aerobic and anoxic periods is regulated by switching an air controlvalve 50 either ON or OFF, based on a high DO (HDO) and low DO (LDO)setpoint. For instance, to increase the duration of an aerobic periodand decrease the duration of an anoxic period, the air control valve 50can be switched ON. In contrast, to decrease the duration of an aerobicperiod and increase the duration of an anoxic period, the air controlvalve 50 can be switched OFF. The LDO setpoint is fixed at near zero(0.001 to 0.1 mg/L) whereas HDO is variable (based on NH₄—N, NO₃—N andNO₂—N measured real-time in the tank) from 0.3 mg/L (MinHDO) to 3.0 mg/L(MaxHDO). The MaxHDO is set at 2.0-3.0 mg/L, since adding more aerationbeyond this point is believed to provide no added benefit in terms ofammonia oxidation rate. When the NH₄—N in the reactor 10 is greater thanthe NO_(x)—N (YES from S10, FIG. 5), the HDO is increased (S12) untilthe NH₄—N gets below NO_(x)—N. When the NH₄—N concentration is lowerthan the NO_(x)—N (NO from S10), the HDO is decreased (S14) until theNH₄—N concentration becomes equal to or greater than the NO_(x)—N.Offsets can be applied as discussed above to allow for a higher effluentNH₄ versus NO or vice versa as required. Aggressive SRT control isaccomplished by wasting solids such that the HDO setpoint isconsistently greater than 1 mg/L. The total SRT can also be controlledautomatically by maintaining the waste flow rate based on reactor DOconcentration over certain averaging time.

Control Strategy B—In this strategy, DO set point is fixed while aerobicand anoxic duration is variable. The total aerobic-anoxic cycle time canbe maintained at certain set point while allowing aerobic and anoxicdurations to vary. In another instance, anoxic duration can be fixed,allowing the controller to modify only the aerobic duration, such thatoverall anoxic+aerobic duration remains dynamic depending on thenitrogen removal potential. Mechanical mixing (60, FIG. 11) should beprovided when aeration (50) is not provided. In the example illustratedin FIG. 7, aerobic duration is variable between 5 minutes to 15 minuteswhile anoxic duration is 10 minutes. When the NH₄—N in the reactor isgreater than the NO_(x)—N (YES from S20), the aerobic duration isincreased (S22) until the NH₄—N gets below NO_(x)—N. When the NH₄—Nconcentration is lower than the NO_(x)—N(NO from S20), the aerobicduration is decreased (S24) until the NH₄—N concentration becomes equalto or greater than the NO_(x)—N. Offsets can be applied as discussedabove to allow for a higher effluent NH₄ versus NO or vice versa asrequired.

Control Strategy C: AVN control can also be used in plug flow tank withmultiple aerobic and anoxic swing zones in series. AVN control affectswhich zones in series are maintained anoxic or aerobically to achieve tothe control objective.

EXAMPLES

The system for removing nitrogen in a reactor for biological nitrogenremoval from wastewaters of the present disclosure was operated with 2-3hr hydraulic residence time (HRT), ˜5 day SRT, 3500±500 mg/L mixedliquor suspended solids (MLSS) at 25° C. The reactor was operated underthe AVN control strategies set forth in a preceding paragraph, whichstarts with “In an example,” and shown in FIGS. 5 and 7. FIG. 9represents the NOB repression that was observed. The AVN controllerperformance is demonstrated in FIG. 12. As seen in FIG. 13, high TINremoval, wherein the removal was dependent on COD input, was alsoachieved using the same operating conditions.

RELEVANT ACRONYMS

-   AOB: ammonia oxidizing bacteria-   BNR: biological nutrient removal-   COD: chemical oxygen demand-   C/N: Carbon to nitrogen ratio-   DO: dissolved oxygen-   FA: free ammonia-   HDO: high DO-   HRT: hydraulic residence time-   LDO: low DO-   NOB: nitrite oxidizing bacteria-   NO_(x): Nitrate-   NO_(x)—N: Nitrate-nitrogen plus Nitrite-nitrogen-   NO₃—N: Nitrate-nitrogen-   NO₂—N: Nitrite-nitrogen-   NO₃: Nitrate-   NO₂: Nitrite-   NH₄—N: Ammonia-nitrogen-   OUR: oxygen uptake rate-   ScBNR: short-cut biological nitrogen removal-   SRT: solids retention time-   TAF: Transient Anoxia Frequency-   TIN: Total Inorganic Nitrogen-   TN: Total Nitrogen

DOCUMENTS CITED IN APPLICATION

U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 2010/0233777 A1 September 2010 Chandran et al6,485,646 B1 November 2002 Dijkman et al. 2011/0198284 A1 August 2011Nyhuis 2011/0253625A1 October 2011 Takeda et al. 7,846,334 B2 December2010 Wett

FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS EP 0931768B1 September 2003 EP 0826639A1 March1998 EP 0872451B1 December 2002 WO 2006/129132A1 December 2006 WO2012/052443A1 April 2012

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

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The invention claimed is:
 1. A system for removing nitrogen from areactor for biological nitrogen removal from wastewaters comprising: a)a reactor; b) an ammonia sensor that senses a concentration of ammoniain the reactor in real time and generates an ammonia concentrationsignal; c) a nitrite sensor that senses a concentration of nitrite inthe reactor in real time and generates a nitrite concentration signal;d) a nitrate sensor that senses a concentration of nitrate in thereactor in real time and generates a nitrate concentration signal; e) acontroller that receives the ammonia concentration signal, nitriteconcentration signal and nitrate concentration signal and generatesinstructions for increasing, decreasing or maintaining a concentrationof dissolved oxygen in the reactor based on a ratio of the[concentration of ammonia] to [a sum of the concentrations of nitriteand nitrate]; f) a dissolved oxygen modulator that supplies dissolvedoxygen to the reactor under control of the controller based on the ratioof the [concentration of ammonia] to [the sum of the concentrations ofnitrite and nitrate], wherein the system is configured to providenitrite oxidizing bacteria repression and the production of an effluentstream for post-anammox polishing; and g) a plurality of anammoxorganisms in a post-anammox polishing reactor.
 2. The system of claim 1,wherein the controller generates instructions for increasing theconcentration of dissolved oxygen if the ratio of the [concentration ofammonia] to [the sum of the concentrations of nitrite and nitrate] isgreater than
 1. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the controllergenerates instructions for decreasing the concentration of dissolvedoxygen if the ratio of the [concentration of ammonia] to [the sum of theconcentrations of nitrite and nitrate] is less than
 1. 4. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the controller generates instructions for maintainingthe concentration of dissolved oxygen if the ratio of the [concentrationof ammonia] to [the sum of the concentrations of nitrite and nitrate]is
 1. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller generatesinstructions for increasing or decreasing or maintaining theconcentration of dissolved oxygen to maintain a ratio of [a sum of theconcentrations of nitrite and nitrate] to a [concentration of ammonia]that is from about 1.18 to about 1.45.
 6. The system of claim 5, whereinthe controller generates instructions for increasing or decreasing ormaintaining the concentration of dissolved oxygen to maintain the ratioof [the sum of the concentrations of nitrite and nitrate] to the[concentration of ammonia] that is equal to about 1.32.
 7. A system forremoving nitrogen from a reactor for biological nitrogen removal fromwastewaters comprising: a) a reactor; b) an ammonia sensor that senses aconcentration of ammonia in the reactor in real time and generates anammonia concentration signal; c) a nitrite sensor that senses aconcentration of nitrite in the reactor in real time and generates anitrite concentration signal; d) a nitrate sensor that senses aconcentration of nitrate in the reactor in real time and generates anitrate concentration signal; e) a controller that receives the ammoniaconcentration signal, nitrite concentration signal and nitrateconcentration signal and generates instructions for increasing,decreasing or maintaining a duration of aerobic and anoxic period withinthe reactor based on a ratio of the [concentration of ammonia] to [a sumof the concentrations of nitrite and nitrate]; f) a dissolved oxygenmodulator that supplies the dissolved oxygen to the reactor to controlthe duration of aerobic and anoxic periods, wherein the dissolved oxygenmodulator is under the control of the controller and controls theduration of the aerobic and anoxic periods based on the ratio of the[concentration of ammonia] to [the sum of the concentrations of nitriteand nitrate]; and g) a plurality of anammox organisms that providesnitrite oxidizing bacteria repression, wherein the system is configuredto produce an effluent stream, wherein said effluent stream is producedsuch that anammox process bacteria can be selectively retained.
 8. Thesystem of claim 7, wherein the controller generates instructions forincreasing the duration of the aerobic period and/or decreasing theduration of the anoxic period if the ratio of the [concentration ofammonia] to [the sum of the concentrations of nitrite and nitrate] isgreater than
 1. 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the controllergenerates instructions for decreasing the duration of the aerobic periodand/or increasing the duration of the anoxic period if the ratio of the[concentration of ammonia] to [the sum of the concentrations of nitriteand nitrate] is less than
 1. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein thecontroller generates instructions for maintaining the duration of theaerobic period and/or the duration of the anoxic period if the ratio ofthe [concentration of ammonia] to [the sum of the concentrations ofnitrite and nitrate] is
 1. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, furthercomprising a supply of acetate or acetic acid or other organic substratethat is added to accomplish denitratation (nitrate reduction to nitrite)and subsequent anammox growth on the provided ammonia anddenitratation-produced nitrite.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe effluent stream contains approximately equal proportions of ammoniaand nitrite on an as nitrogen basis, such that further nitrogen removalcan be accomplished using anammox in a fully anoxic suspended or biofilmprocess.
 13. A system for removing nitrogen from a reactor forbiological nitrogen removal from wastewaters comprising: a) a reactor;b) an ammonia sensor that senses a concentration of ammonia in thereactor in real time and generates an ammonia concentration signal; c) anitrite sensor that senses a concentration of nitrite in the reactor inreal time and generates a nitrite concentration signal; d) a nitratesensor that senses a concentration of nitrate in the reactor in realtime and generates a nitrate concentration signal; e) a controller thatreceives the ammonia concentration signal, nitrite concentration signaland nitrate concentration signal and generates instructions forincreasing, decreasing or maintaining a concentration of dissolvedoxygen in the reactor based on a ratio of the [concentration of ammonia]to [a sum of the concentrations of nitrite and nitrate]; f) a dissolvedoxygen modulator that supplies dissolved oxygen to the reactor undercontrol of the controller based on the ratio of the [concentration ofammonia] to [the sum of the concentrations of nitrite and nitrate], andg) a plurality of anammox organisms that provides nitrite oxidizingbacteria repression, wherein the system is configured to produce aneffluent stream, wherein said effluent stream is produced such thatanammox bacteria can be selectively retained.
 14. The system of claim13, wherein the controller generates instructions for increasing theconcentration of dissolved oxygen if the ratio of the [concentration ofammonia] to [the sum of the concentrations of nitrite and nitrate] isgreater than
 1. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the controllergenerates instructions for decreasing the concentration of dissolvedoxygen if the ratio of the [concentration of ammonia] to [the sum of theconcentrations of nitrite and nitrate] is less than
 1. 16. The system ofclaim 13, wherein the controller generates instructions for maintainingthe concentration of dissolved oxygen if the ratio of the [concentrationof ammonia] to [the sum of the concentrations of nitrite and nitrate]is
 1. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein the controller generatesinstructions for increasing or decreasing or maintaining theconcentration of dissolved oxygen to maintain a ratio of [a sum of theconcentrations of nitrite and nitrate] to a [concentration of ammonia]that is from about 1.18 to about 1.45.
 18. The system of claim 17,wherein the controller generates instructions for increasing ordecreasing or maintaining the concentration of dissolved oxygen tomaintain the ratio of [the sum of the concentrations of nitrite andnitrate] to the [concentration of ammonia] that is equal to about 1.32.19. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the effluent stream containsapproximately equal proportions of ammonia and nitrite on an as nitrogenbasis, such that further nitrogen removal can be accomplished usinganammox in a fully anoxic suspended or biofilm process.
 20. A system forremoving nitrogen from a reactor for biological nitrogen removal fromwastewaters comprising: a) a reactor; b) an ammonia sensor that senses aconcentration of ammonia in the reactor in real time and generates anammonia concentration signal; c) a nitrite sensor that senses aconcentration of nitrite in the reactor in real time and generates anitrite concentration signal; d) a nitrate sensor that senses aconcentration of nitrate in the reactor in real time and generates anitrate concentration signal; e) a controller that receives the ammoniaconcentration signal, nitrite concentration signal and nitrateconcentration signal and generates instructions for increasing,decreasing or maintaining a duration of aerobic and anoxic period withinthe reactor based on a ratio of the [concentration of ammonia] to [a sumof the concentrations of nitrite and nitrate]; f) a dissolved oxygenmodulator that supplies the dissolved oxygen to the reactor to controlthe duration of aerobic and anoxic pericids, wherein the dissolvedoxygen modulator is under the control of the controller and controls theduration of the aerobic and anoxic periods based on the ratio of the[concentration of ammonia] to [the sum of the concentrations of nitriteand nitrate], wherein the system is configured to provide nitriteoxidizing bacteria repression and the production of an effluent streamfor post-anammox polishing; and g) a plurality of anammox organisms in apost-anammox polishing reactor.
 21. The apparatus of claim 20, furthercomprising a supply of acetate or acetic acid or other organic substratethat is added to accomplish denitratation (nitrate reduction to nitrite)and subsequent anammox growth on the provided ammonia anddenitratation-produced nitrite.
 22. The system of claim 20, wherein thecontroller generates instructions for increasing the duration of theaerobic period and/or decreasing the duration of the anoxic period ifthe ratio of the [concentration of ammonia] to [the sum of theconcentrations of nitrite and nitrate] is greater than
 1. 23. The systemof claim 20, wherein the controller generates instructions fordecreasing the duration of the aerobic period and/or increasing theduration of the anoxic period if the ratio of the [concentration ofammonia] to [the sum of the concentrations of nitrite and nitrate] isless than
 1. 24. The system of claim 20, wherein the controllergenerates instructions for maintaining the duration of the aerobicperiod and/or the duration of the anoxic period if the ratio of the[concentration of ammonia] to [the sum of the concentrations of nitriteand nitrate] is 1.